Executive Mobile Computing Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Executive Mobile Computing. Answer: Presentation Victoriapool is fundamentally an android application in which it has been created so as to extemporize on the part of the vehicle arrangement of the people who are making a trip to the Victoria University just as the college which are close by the University of the Sydney CBD (Conti and Giordano, 2014). Concerning this application it has been significantly been planned so as to aggregate on the subtleties of the people who have been living in the comparative area just as following of the people who may not venture out with them to the goal which they may want (UGIC, 2017). The principle viewpoint usefulness of this application is for the most part to associate people who are making a trip to a similar goal. The fundamental interface which have been joined in the improvement of this application is the HTML, just as the JavaScript (UWA, 2016). This application utilizes the component viewed as the carpooling which there is sharing of the costs between the clients henceforth bringing down on the expense of voyaging costs. Status of the report In this methodology record it is the underlying one, the progressions should be made later on. It intention is for the discussion purposes. The extent of the system This application plans to ad lib on the vehicle framework with the goal that it become less expensive for individual to head out to the Victoria University just as the close by Universities. The general point of the procedure This application means to fathom on the issue of transport framework, whereby it would get modest to go inside the Victoria University and other University inside the CBD. Timescale for the technique The advancement of making this methodology it would take a time of one year until its full turn of events and all the essential coordinations have been actualized. After that to full address of this technique it would take three years. Requirements of the procedure Much the same as some other application it would experience a few limitations particularly on the part of the system. It would should be facilitated with the other provincial system to empower it to be operational. Improvement process The person who is driving on the improvement of this procedure is the system supervisor, of my group where I was appointed. Others included are the software engineer who might code utilizing HTML and the JavaScript. To date the thing attempted has been the underlying cost of what the application would look it and the arrangement of the information stream chart speaking to the progression of the rationale in the application (Bresnahan and Greenstein, 2014). The administration clients have additionally been associated with that at the phase of improvement we counseled on the sort of administrations they offer so the application will be slanted to their administrations. Partners investigation The partners have been distinguished dependent on the objective market. There are two objective market for this application; the VU understudies and the VU Faculties. On the VU understudies, there are companions of companions, and different colleges companions near the Sydney CBD partners. On the VU resources there are other college which are near the Sydney CBD. These people are engaged with how contributing on a portion of the issue influencing them and how they could be tended to using the application (UGIC, 2017). Every one of the great has seen that the application will help them through increment of the social network, decrease of movement cost and enhances the weight on driving for the significant distance. References Bresnahan, T. also, Greenstein, S., 2014. Versatile registering: The following stage competition. The American Economic Review, 104(5), pp.475-480. Conti, M. also, Giordano, S., 2014. Versatile impromptu systems administration: achievements, challenges, and new research headings. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(1), pp.85-96. UGIC, 2017. UGIC Uath Geographic Information Council. [Online] Available at: https://ugic.org/meeting/carpool-to-ugic-2017-in-park-city/[Accessed 13 august 2017]. UWA, 2016. The University Of Western Australia. [Online] Available at: https://www.transport.uwa.edu.au [Accessed 16 august 2017].

Emotional Development and Human Emotions - Free Essay Example

Emotion can be understood from a neurological, cognitive, or behavioral point of view. Neurological perspective focus on both the patient and the medical practitioner. The patient who has a disorder of emotion following a brain damage, to the doctor who has been so busy over night without rest. Cognitive approaches explain emotion in ways that enable people to understand their experiences of them. Finally, the behavioral point of view is that behavior may be chosen to pursue (or avoid) anticipated emotional outcomes.In psychology, emotion is a complex state of feeling that result in physical and physiological changes that influence thought and behavior. There are many other definitions of emotions proposed by different theorists. For me it is Scherers definition that encompasses what emotion is.Emotion is an episode of interrelated, synchronized changes in the states of all or most of the five organismic sub-systems in response to the evaluation of an external stimulus event as relevant to the major concerns of the organism (Scherer, 2004). Emotional development has to be examined across the lifespan, from birth to adulthood. Strictly speaking, one should also include development until death (Magai, 1996).Emotional development is the ability to recognize, express and manage feelings at different stages of life. Both positive and negative emotions are developed. These emotions are affected by relationships with parents, siblings and peers (Otieno, 2017).Children raised with parents and caregivers are able to respond with love, understanding, and clear common-sense guidance. They find excellent chances of learning how to relate to other people. First, the child discovers other people are fun to be with, that they will look after you, and make you happy. Then later, the child learns others have rights and needs of their own, and that, by studying the feelings of these others, its possible to make them happy too (Thorndike, 1985).There are several theories that have attempted to explain emotional development in children. Th ese theories include Freuds psychosexual development, Bowlbys Attachment theory, Banduras Social learning theory, Vygotskys Social cultural theory, Piagets Cognitive development, Eriksons Psychosocial theory and Skinners behavioral theory. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Theoretical Perspectives of Emotional Development.Bowlbys attachment theory postulates that bonding between the child and its mother begins in the womb. This special bonding impacts their emotions. Attachment is a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings (Bowlby, 1980). This is manifested in four characteristic features. Proximity maintenance which is the need to remain physically close to those the child is attached to. The second feature is separation distress. This is the typical anxiety which results from the absence of the attachment figure. Bowlby also talked of secure base which he described as the safe base for exploring the immediate environment that is provided by the attachment figure. Finally, the fourth feature in this theory is safe haven. This is the tendency to seek out the attachment figure for comfort and security when fearful or threatened.In support of his observations, Bowlby noted a child who is able to rely on a primary caregiver was less fea rful than those lacking such reassurance. He asserted it to healthy development from infant to adolescent stage and had a lifelong effect.Banduras social learning theory emphasized the significance of modeling in emotional development. Children learn about emotions and how to express them appropriately by watching others. These include parents, caregivers, peers and teachers. Showing children, the ways you understand and manage emotions help children learn from your examples.Sigmund Freuds five psychosexual stages were suffused with emotions. For instance, during the oral stage, deprivation may evoke emotional dependency and early weaning may elicit aggression.Sociocultural theory focuses not only how adults and peers influence individuals emotional development, but also on how cultural beliefs and attitudes impact how instruction and learning of a variety of emotions take place.Erick Erikson referred to each of his stages as a psycho-social crisis, meaning that in order for a child to move on to the next stage, they first must overcome the crisis that came before it and failure to do so is detrimental on future development.What is important recognize as a parent with Eriksons stages is how they will determine your childs attitude as they progress and grow. It is crucial that you pay special attention to the crisis in adolescence, as this can be a very difficult time for the adolescents and could last longer than other stages in Eriksons psychosocial development theory. 2. Development of Emotions in childrenEmotional development is a complex task that begins in infancy and continues in adulthood. The very first emotional expressions to be exhibited by infants include joy, anger, sadness, and fear. As they grow older, children begin to develop sense of self. Self-awareness in children facilitates the development of complex emotions in them (Greenhalgh, 1994). These include shyness, surprise, elation, embarrassment, shame, guilt, pride and empathy. While in primary school, pupils are still learning to identify emotions, to understand why they happen and how to manage them appropriately. As children develop, the things that provoke their emotional responses change, as do the strategies they use to manage them (Wilson, 2014).Babies emotions are mainly made up of physical reactions and behaviors. As they grow, children develop the ability to recognize feelings. Their emotions are also increasingly influenced by their thinking. They gain insight on their feelings and better able to understand other peoples feelings. Thus an emotional reaction of a ten-year-old is complex than of a three-year-old. 3. Emotional Development During InfancyIn the first month, the infant makes eye contact, cries for help and responds to parents smiles and voices.During the second month, the infant begins to develop a social smile, enjoys playing with other people, prefers looking at people, studies faces and first begin to express anger.In the third month, the infant starts a conversation by smiling, the big smile involves his/her whole body and can imitate some movements and facial expressions.Fourth month of development is intrigued by children. They infants will turn toward childrens voices in person or on television. He/she loughs when tickled and when interacting with others. The infant cries when play is disrupted.When an infant is five months old, he/she becomes increasingly assertive. He/she can differentiate between family members and like to play during meals.At the sixth month of development, an infant may quickly tire of toy, his/her temperaments become increasingly apparent and cries w ith displeasure.During the seventh month of development, the infants starts to understand the meaning of no. He/she enjoys social interaction, expresses anger more strongly and tries to mimic adults sounds. At the eighth month of development, the infant begins to differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar people. He/she becomes shy or anxious with strangers and cries in frustration.A nine month old infant imitate gestures, smiles and kisses own image, and likes to play near parents.At ten month of development, separation anxiety may begin, self-esteem begin to develop, the infant responds to positive recognition and shows mood.During the eleventh month of development, the infant tries to gain approval, can be uncooperative, and experiments with language.Finally, a one-year-old infant may have temper tantrums, can fluctuate between being cooperative and uncooperative, may also show a developing sense of humor and cling to the parents. 4. Development of Emotions During ChildhoodAs babies grow into children, they start to feel a strong sense of self-awareness. This means that they are aware of themselves as a separate person. It results from continuing brain development and increased social relationships. The development of language also helps here, as young kids become better able to communicate (Thorndike, 1985).This increased awareness serves to strengthen emotional experiences. Young children are more in control of their emotions as they grow and they also begin to feel new ones, as such as embarrassment. These new emotions often result from social comparison, when children begin to compare themselves to other kids (Herbert, 1974). CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTIONS Human emotions can be placed into three categories. These include primary, secondary and tertiary motions.Primary emotions refer to the bodys first response and they are very easy to identify because they are so strong. The most common primary emotions are fear, happiness, sadness, disgust and surprise (Ekman, 2007).Secondary emotions are emotional reactions we have to other emotions. It is always by the beliefs we have about experiencing some emotions. For example, being ashamed as a result of becoming anxious or sad.Tertiary emotions are the most specific emotions. Strong feelings such as love are broken down into secondary emotions which are further broken down into tertiary emotions. They include humility, gratitude, agony, dismay, amongst others. Importance of Training Children in Life Skills Particularly Using Emotions Life skill refers to a skill that is necessary or desirable for full participation in everyday life. Emotional learning how to manage friendship, feelings and solve problems. These are essential life skills that support wellbeing and positive mental health. Emotional skills promote childrens ability to cope with difficulties and help to prevent mental health problems. Children who have developed emotional skills find it easier to manage themselves, relate to others, resolve conflicts and feel positive about themselves and the world around them (Hasson, 2012).Emotional learning provides practical skills that all children can learn and apply to everyones situations. Learning skills such as self-awareness, effective communication, and conflict resolution help to prevent the prevalence of mental illnesses amongst the vulnerable children. In this way, teaching children emotional skills help to promote resilience. W hich is the capacity to cope and stay healthy in spite of the negative things that happen through life.Hasson (2012), suggest that children learning is influenced by a range of emotional factors. How children perform in school is affected by how emotionally stable they are. CONCLUSIONS There are several reasons as to why children vary in the way they express and manage their emotions. The variation is attributed to the events that impact on children and families. They include chronic illnesses, trauma and difficult social situations. Other factors such as cultural values and temperaments may cause the variation.Children learn different ways of expressing emotions based on what is regarded as normal within their family and culture. Different families and cultures accept a given range of emotions. These differences also influence the way children learn to regulate their emotions. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books, A member of the Perseus Books Group.Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions Revealed. Carlifonia: Malcolm Gladwell.Greenhalgh, P. (1994). Emotional Growth and Learning. London: Routledge.Hasson, G. (2012). Brilliant Emotional Intelligence. Brighton: Sue Hadfield.Herbert, M. (1974). Emotional Problems of Development in Children. London: Academic Press.Otieno, P. A. (2017). Influence of Teachers Characteristics on the Development of Socio-emotional Skills of Pre-school Children in Atandi Zone, Homabay County Kenya. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.Thorndike, N. (1985). First Feelings: Milestones in the Emotional Development of Your Baby and Child. New York: Penguin Book.Wilson, R. (2014). Understanding Emotional Development; Providing Insights into Human Lives. London: Routledge.

Breast Cancer And Cancer Treatment - 1253 Words

Just the idea of a cancer makes people anxious and terrified. There are many different types of cancers, in which are not less dangerous then the other, if not caught on time. Although it is the year 2015 and there has been an extraordinary amount of medical advances in cancer treatment, there is still no cure. This leads to mysterious thoughts of cancer returning, to people all over the world. Cancer in the bones can play an enormous part in other body parts if not caught on time. Cancers such as breast, lung, prostate etc. can call lead to cancer in the bones. This is not necessarily â€Å"bone cancer† itself, but for example, if breast cancer is too far advanced, and it reaches the bones, the course of treatment is not changed, because it still looks and acts as breast cancer. This is called metastatic cancer. Although some may confuse cancer in the bones, and bone cancer, bone cancer itself is different. This is often called sarcoma. Along with sarcomas starting in the bo ne, it can also start in muscles, blood vessels and fibrosis tissue. The primary and most common type of sarcomas is Osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma, being the primary bone cancer often occurs in people within the ages of ten and thirty. As a primary bone cancer, an assumption would be made that the higher percentage would be in elders, however they consume a very small percentage. It is also very unlikely for a middle aged person to develop but can happen in rare cases. Osteosarcoma is defined as- a type ofShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer Treatment1620 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer Treatment Breast cancer is turning to be one of the top killer women in the world. This kind of cancerous tumor is attacking breast tissue of woman. A disease in which abnormal cells in the breast divide and multiply in an uncontrolled fashion. 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Fire Department Incident Safety Officer by David .W. Dodson Book Report/Review

Essays on Fire Department Incident Safety Officer by David .W. Dodson Book Report/Review The paper "Fire Department Incident Safety Officer by David .W. Dodson" is an excellent example of a book review on social science.   David .W. Dodson in his book ‘Fire Department Incident Safety Officer’ gives the functions and attributes of effective Fire Department Incident Officers. He argues that an effective Incident Safety Officer should not only be able to meet the minimum requirements set out in the law but also â€Å"they must be able to acquire additional skills and knowledge well past Fire Officer 1 level† (Dodson, 2007, p.79). This means that an effective Incident Safety Officer should have surpassed the minimum skill level in order to discharge his duties effectively. Besides their need to gain a basic understanding of what is around them and the risks involved, an Incident Safety Officer must have a general idea of the skills and information that are a mandatory requirement to be within his knowledge. Dodson, (2007, p.80) argues that it is the function of an effective Incident Safety Officer (ISO) to be, at a minimum, knowledgeable in the fields of building construction, risk/benefit concepts, fire behavior, firefighter physiology, hazardous energy, and incident management systems. However, he maintains that the key skill is developed towards successful translation of the knowledge learned into application devoid of constant supervision. This, therefore, means that upon mastery of the knowledge, the ISO has a function to carry out the mandated tasks with a ninety percent efficiency and effectiveness. This means that an ISO must be able to carry out his tasks with, â€Å"analytical automation that is deeply connected with appropriate action for t he incident† (Dodson, 2007, p.79). This entails a succinct understanding of the fact that the acquisition of such knowledge must be accompanied by the effective application of such skills. It is this skill and knowledge that enables an ISO to recognize the potential of an incident (Dodson, 2007, p.79). The combined knowledge of skill and a clear understanding of the skills required to neutralize an incident, and the development of an elevated awareness or common sense to deal with any incident as it raises forms the attributes of an effective Incident Safety Officer.

Would the Incoming of Gst Improve Supply Chain in Fmcg Sector free essay sample

Some of the positive effects can be the reduction of warehousing costs due to rationalization and reorganization of warehouse networks, reduced inventory level, simplified warehouse planning and easy and simplified warehouse management. GST can also bring some negative effects like higher lead times to customer and higher freight costs, but all these effects can be negated and even used to the advantage with better strategy and planning of FMCG industries. Importance of a Sound Taxation PolicyTax policies have an important impact on the economy as they affect both efficiency and equity. A suitable tax system must be designed keeping factors like income distribution , industrial macro environment and also aim to generate revenues through taxes to support the government in working towards infrastructure development and public service. There are broadly two types of strategy which can be used to maximize government equity, namely Horizontal equity model and Vertical equity model. The main characteristic of the vertical equity model is increasing revenues through high marginal rates of taxation, it can be applied to direct as well as indirect taxes. The horizontal equity model depends upon broad, transparent and simple taxes which have low variance across the tax rates. It is better to rely on horizontal system rather than the vertical system. Cascading tax revenues can have a substantial consequence on firms in the economy. This can affect international competitiveness of those sectors of the production which are adversely affected by economy, eventually leading to monetary and nonmonetary loss of the affected economy. Taxation Scenario in India| India is a developing economy and so it is imperative for India to handle its resources more effectively. Several policy instruments can be applied by the government for this effect, one of the most important one among these is revising taxation policies of India to maximize the efficiency of the economy. India’s taxation policy has been depending on indirect taxation for a long time now. Before tax reforms of nineties, major part of government’s tax revenues came from indirect taxes. The underlying logic for this was that India, being a country with high poverty and large income divide couldn’t afford to widen the scope of direct taxes without putting excessive load on the poorer section of the society. There were also many practical difficulties involved as for majority of population agricultural income was their main income. About the taxation structure in India, the responsibility for the computation; levy as well as collection of most the taxes in the country lies with the Department of Revenue of the Finance Ministry of the Government of India. However, some of the taxes are even levied solely by the Local State Bodies or the respective governments of the different states in the nation. At present, the Central Government levies tax on goods at the manufacturing level in the form of CENVAT, whereas the State Governments impose tax on goods at the point of sale in the form of VAT. The responsibility of taxing services lies with the Central Government, which began the service tax in 1994. As of now, the tax base is fragmented between the Centre and the States. The present indirect tax system is very complex with a multitude of taxes both at the Centre States, at present; do not have the powers to levy a tax on supply of services; while the Centre does not have power to levy tax on the sale of goods. Goods and Services Tax GST (Goods and Services Tax) was introduced for the first time in 1954 in France. Today it has spread across 140 countries. On 22nd March, 2011, the finance ministry of India placed the 115 th Constitutional Amendment Bill in the Lok Sabha, which was hugely significant as it was about to introduce the Goods and Service Tax (GST) in the Indian Constitution. Introduction of GST marks the most significant reform in Indian economy and the Indian tax system. It has been proposed to introduce GST by April 1, 2012, which is the third such timeline proposed after missing two previous dates. It is a major milestone for the Indian Tax System, which is expected to bring about changes in the way manufacturing, warehousing and distribution is carried out in India. Key Characteristics of Indian GST * Dual GST structute: CGST and SGST chain which will extend up till the last transaction at the retail level * Octroi and Entry Tax to be disbanded * Tax incentive of cross border sales and taxes may be dissolved GST and FMCG Supply Chain FMCG sector in India is one of the most important sector which will determine India’s growth in future. Fiscal costs have remained a major factor for FMCG’s in India. India’s existing multi layered tax system has been a key element for FMCG’s for planning, establishing and structuring their supply chain factors like manufacturing bases, distribution networks and procurement partners. With the talks and rumors about implementation of GST in India, FMCG sector has been proactively trying to prepare itself for the changes in the future. The GST is seen as an inflection point in the history of India’s economic landscape. It is expected to remove the confusion, uncertainty and cascading effects of the current taxes and consolidate them into Central Goods and Service Tax (CGST) and State Goods and Service Tax (SGST). Major Impact Points of GST on Indian FMCG Supply Chain Industry Impact due to Extended CGST Presently, services in logistics which are incurred post factory stage are not off-settable for CENVAT. Extended CGST will allow retailers and other post distribution networks to get back the tax. This will result in lowering the outsourced logistics cost as the current service tax of 10. % which is generally charged by logistics firms can be offset because of the CGST liability. The result will be a boost in outsourcing for supply chains in FMCG’s. This will also provide more strength to 3PL’s. Impact due to Subsuming Octroi amp; Entrant Tax Octroi duty and other such local taxations have been a major revenue source when it comes to the corporations. Similar is the case for taxes levied by the states, like entry tax. Hence one cannot be sure whether these taxes will go and not return in a changed form, in case they go at all. But taxes like Octroi and entry tax cannot be said in line with the GST spirit, even though entry taxes can be VATable sometimes. These taxes impact the decision of the firms for finalization of warehouse locations. They also affect the decisions on inventory and turn overs. This will result in lowering the outsourced logistics cost as the current service tax of 10. 3% which is generally charged by logistics firms can be offset because of the CGST liability. The result will be a boost in outsourcing for supply chains in FMCG’s. This will also provide more strength to 3PL’s. Impact due to Removed Tax Barriers in Cross Border Sales According to the current scenario there can be two possible ways where this can happen: Scenario 1: The rates for CST would decrease to zero without any carry-over of interstate input credit. Scenario 2: Stock-transfers are not allowed and/or are taxed and sales of inter-state nature are taxed without any provision for carry-over. Both the cases will have similar effect. FMCG companies would not be required to own warehouses in every state for taxation purposes, to avoid CST or to facilitate stock transfers. This would result in FMCG companies to design their networks based on only supply chain considerations and not like the present scenario where their aim is tax considerations. Thus, with GST, either CST would come down to zero or inter-state sale would be taxed without breakage of the VAT chain. Thus it will eliminate the need for a warehouse just for avoiding CST and doing stock transfers. Impact Explanation Case1: Re Organizing Warehouse Consider the case as illustrated in the figure, XYZ Ltd. company has a warehouse A in Rajasthan and B in Gujarat. Warehouse B is near the border but due to current scenario cities in Rajisthan which are nearer to B are served by A, resulting in increased lead times, inventory pileup and transportation costs. After GST, B can be used to cater to such cities and A can be used to cater to areas nearer to A, thus expanding XYZ’s area of impact and reducing the costs. Impact Explanation Case2: Rationalizing Warehouse In this case, company XYZ can decide to remove warehouse from Madhya Pradesh and use warehouse in Rajasthan to cater to the areas in Madhya Pradesh. This will reduce the inventory holding cost and savings on warehouse lease for the company. Impact on Companies network For any FMCG, the supply chain distribution network is divided into hubs (big warehouses) and warehouses. The introduction of GST will allow the firm to reduce the number of warehouses by merging, rationalizing or rearranging their existing network. Also, more strategically placed warehouses would reduce the time taken to serve major customers, thus increasing competitiveness and customer satisfaction. Impact on Cost and Investments Assume a FMCG firm XYZ Ltd. With sales of 2000 Cr Rs, keeping 15 days inventory in their 25 warehouses with 25% safety stock because of current scenario. Assuming their logistics cost be around 75 Cr (4% of sales). Rough calculations can lead us to believe that because of the implementation of GST, the firm can have an inventory reduction of about 15-20% and logistics cost savings of about 3. 5 Crore (5% savings). Impact on Service Implementation of GST would mean fewer warehouses for FMCG companies, which effectively means that there may be longer distances between warehouse and customers. This can result in longer lead times, higher lead time variability and reduced order flexibility. This can hamper the service to customers. But, this can be negated and even result in improved service if design and implementation of the network is done carefully. Impact on Freight cost It is expected that due to the implementation of GST, fewer warehouses would lead to increase in overall secondary freight costs. But the increase in freight cost can be expected to be small in nature.

The City of Portland in Oregon State

Portland is the most populous city in the state of Oregon in United States and it is located in North-western part of the country. The city has been subdivided in to five sections which are inclusive of Northeast, North and Northwest as well as Southeast and Southwest. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The City of Portland in Oregon State specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The north and the south part are divided by the Burnside Street while a river known as Willamette separates eastern region from the western region. The city of roses as it is usually known is a fascinating travel destination due to various features that not only keep visitors busy, but are also quite interesting. The city comprises theatres, museums, parks, gardens, and galleries to name just a few that help to attract both domestic and international tourists. There is so much that someone sees in Portland city and therefore, this essay describes physical features present in the city of Portland. Portland city is characterized by temperament climate. I visited the city during a summer season and the temperatures were quite warm such that it was possible to enjoy to the fullest without the hindrances of the extreme weather conditions. Once a person arrives at the city, the most interesting issue is the transport system which includes the trolleys, buses, as well as the street cars. MAX which represents a light rail line interested me most as through it, it is possible to take a ride and have a chance to view major features present in the Portland city. Apart from riding and travelling using different means of transport, it is also quite interesting to walk or take strolls. Walking is quite interesting because the city contains short blocks, parks as well as bridges. In addition, the city has got some other interesting features that someone enjoys while walking like the art, fountain as well as urban parks. There are so man y outstanding features concerning Portland, but parks and gardens greatly contribute to the aesthetic value of the city. It is among the three cities in United States that contain volcanoes and other historical as well as scientific sites. Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Major parks and gardens in the Portland City are inclusive but not limited to Mills Ends Park, Forest Park, Washington Park which hosts International Rose Test Garden as well as Portland Japanese Garden. Visiting the garden makes a person to realise the importance of nature and to feel as part of the same. Of all the above mentioned places, the most interesting place that I was able to visit was the Japanese Garden. It is a big garden since it covers an area of five and half acres and comprises five unique garden styles. The main theme of the Japanese garden is to illustrate the traditional culture of the Japanese co mmunity which is achieved by using stones water as well as different types of plants. In total, the garden comprises five smaller gardens which are inclusive of strolling, sand and stone, flat, tea, as well as the natural garden. It is important to mention that Portland also contains pubs, brew houses and other important club that make the night life interesting. Apart from tasting the local brew sold in the local bars, a visitor also gets a chance to enjoy music and dance. I was lucky to have visited the city during summers because I got a chance to enjoy the performance of Oregon Zoo concert. Therefore, it is not an understatement to conclude that the city of Portland is not only a must visit but an unforgettable experience due to the urban lifestyle as well as features like parks and gardens that contribute to its liveability. This essay on The City of Portland in Oregon State was written and submitted by user Zackary L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Exploratory study of corrupt practices within the procurement process of the Indian Construction Industry The WritePass Journal

An Exploratory study of corrupt practices within the procurement process of the Indian Construction Industry Introduction An Exploratory study of corrupt practices within the procurement process of the Indian Construction Industry IntroductionDeveloping Economies:Developing economy in Indian construction:India’s construction industries:Construction Culture:Construction culture in U.K and India:Construction Procurement:Corruption in Indian construction:Corruption in U.K construction:Action Taken On corruptionType of UK corruption in the provision and management of financing for the project:Summary Relation between client and contractors:Comparison between two countries in Procurement process:Procurement problem in Sub contractors and Labours:Procurement problems in Material Issues to client:Material Procurement process:Sub contractor and labour:ConclusionReferenceBibliographyRelated Introduction Risk management is recognized as an integral part of good management practices. To be most effective and sensitive risk management should become part of an organizations culture. It should be integrated into the organizations philosophy, practices and business plans rather than be viewed or practiced as separate functions. As it is achieved, in organization risk management becomes the business for everyone .This research gives an idea of the procurement risk within Indian construction industry; this will also demonstrate the culture of construction industry, economic development of country due to construction, by this it also shows bad practice in construction and Action taken on it, Procurement in construction industry (CIDB document, 2004) Procurement  is the acquisition of appropriate goods and services at the best possible  total cost of ownership  to meet the needs of the purchaser in terms of quality and quantity, time, investment and location. in the construction projects are carried out with internal resources, i.e where no work is outsourced, only the organisation requiring the project, for practical purposes, it is at risk. However, where construction projects are implemented by contractor, a number of parties can be at risk. (Best practice guide, 2004). The developing countries should develop and apply appropriate procurement systems which suit their culture and business management traditions. Research should be undertaken on a set of criteria for contractor selection including price, which is suitable for the context of each developing country. Given the nature of the culture of most developing countries, where trust and goodwill are valued, partnering appears to have scope in these countries, as business relationships in the construction industries are, as yet, less adversarial than in the industrialised countries. Developing Economies: Corporate development is a key issue in developing countries, and the availability of suitable work opportunities is important. Local construction firms should be enabled to participate in as wide a range of the projects undertaken in their home markets as possible. Innovative schemes will be necessary, and involving the potential beneficiaries in the design of the programmes would help for country economy. Developing countries adopt different approaches hereare few of them have agencies dedicated to this task such as the National Construction Council of Tanzania (formed in 1982); Building and Construction Authority, Singapore (set up in 1984); Construction Industry Development Board, Malaysia (established in 1994) and Construction Industry Development Board, South Africa (set up in 2002). Some of these organisations have made progress but t, as yet, small number shows that developing countries are not convinced that they are beneficial. (Gorge Ofori no date) Developing economy in Indian construction: India is currently the second fastest-growing economy in the World. The Indian construction industry has been playing a vital role in overall economic development of the country, growing at over 20% Compound Annual Growth Rate over the past 5 years and contributing 8% to GDP (By  NewsDesk 2010). some new technologies entering the market everyday in Indian constructions and in keeping with international trends, construction design has become a basic part and parcel of the design concept and identity of a building, whether commercial, residential or industrial constructions. It is critical to keep with the latest trends and technologies for the basic safety and security of a building. (By  NewsDesk 2010) India is one of the most developing construction economies and  is the  eleventh largest  economy in the world by nominal and the  fourth largest  by  purchasing power parity  (PPP) (Ist Agencies, 2010).  Following strong economic reforms from the socialist inspired  economy  of a post-independence Indian nation, the country began to develop a fast-paced  economic growth, as  free market  principles were initiated in 1990 for international competition and foreign investment. Hhigher productivity leads to improved economic outcomes (for example, higher income, more choices to the consumers, better quality products, etc.), Lall (2001) says that the appropriate strategy for any country depends not only on its objective economic situation but also on its government policies and national views regarding the appropriate role of the state. (Economic development in India) India’s construction industries: India is the fourth largest economy, with a GDP of US$1,242.8 billion in 2008 between 2000 and 2008 in construction, Indias GDP growth rate doubled from 5.7% in 2000 to 9.3% in 2007. The construction industrial sector has predominately fuelled this growth. During 2000-07, contributions by the industrial sector to Indias total value-added increased from 26.2% in 2000 to 29.4% in 2007. According to IHS Global Insight, Indias GDP is expected to continue along a robust growth path, albeit slower than growth witnessed in recent years. Between 2008 and 2012, Indias real GDP growth will range between 6.5% and 8.2%. During the same period, Indias nominal GDP growth will range from 9.3% in 2008 to 13.5% in 2012, with a negative growth rate of 1.7% in 2009.(his Global,2009) Construction Culture: The word ‘culture’ has many meanings, which have changed over the past two generations (Barthorpe,s, 1999). Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952), American anthropologists, presented 160 different definitions of culture. Bodley (1994) culled a simple version that stated that culture involves what people think, what they do, and what they produce. Culture has several properties: it is social heritage or tradition; it is shared, learned human behaviour; and it is symbolic and based on shared, assigned meanings of the members of a group. (Putti and Chia 1990) considered culture as a set of values, beliefs, norms, attitudes and habits of people, pointing out that a society’s beliefs and values have an impact on the way business is conducted in that society. Hildebrandt et al. (1991) suggested that the implementation of an organization’s culture is influenced by: nature of environment, type of company, and special character of company and employees. Construction culture in U.K and India: It can be said that, Indian construction culture is different from the British in by certain ways like attitudes towards quality, price, consistency, branding, and other costs of stress and time. This will ultimately have an effect on consumption behaviour and, therefore, it is vital to understand ‘‘value orientations’’ which will help us to better understand the psyche of people. Issues relating to community support in its various guises (Bonacich, 1973, 1987; Aldrich et al., 1989; Waldinger, 1989) as well as issues relating to the historical perspective of Asian-owned firms operating a ‘‘harmonious, family-orientated practice’’ (Werbner, 1984) will all affect consumption behaviour too. From a managerial viewpoint, the priority of collaborators in cultures where ‘‘time is money’’ will be to optimise time, which is seen as a scarce economic resource in western cultures, a lot of time is actually spent waiting, whereas for the Indian cultures, there is often neither expectation nor despair; people do not get impatient because they are not nervously dependent on an uncertain future time. They do not ‘‘wait’’ because, unconsciously or not, they are not eliminating the present. Indians look at time as something to experience, logical to suppose that saving time would be less important to Indians than as compare to other countries. Construction Procurement: The project procurement and administrative arrangements currently in use in developing countries have been inherited from Western countries which have different history, culture, collective experience and breadth of construction expertise. These arrangements determine the documentation, procedures and practices in the industry, and specify the roles of the participants and the relationships amongst them. Traditional design and construction services can foster adversarial relationships between the clients, designers, and contractors, can restrict innovation, resulting high cost and time extended. Traditional systems may therefore not necessarily provide the best value to all project types, as deteriorating infrastructure and increasing population and have created tremendous pressures to move critical projects quickly through the planning stage and into design and construction, without a commensurate increase in available funding. External pressures are the basic requirement to include quality concepts in all phases of the highway program. Thus, there is a continuing need for the Department to review and evaluate procurement and contracting procedures that promote improved efficiency and quality of construction. Procurement procedures are used to evaluate and select designers, contractors, and various consultants. Evaluation and selection can be based solely on price, solely on technical qualifications, or on a combination of price, technical qualifications, time, and other factors. (Innovative procurement practices). Bad practice of construction (Corruption/ Transparency) Corruption on construction projects is a complicated problem. It may occur in the form of bribery, extortion, fraud or collusion. It can take place during any phase of a project, including project identification, planning, financing, design, tender, execution, operation and maintenance. In each project phase, corruption may involve any one or more of the government, project owner, funders, consultants, contractors, subcontractors, suppliers, joint venture partners, and agents. Furthermore, corruption is concealed and those aware of it are either complicit in it or reluctant to report it. This makes it more difficult to detect (Giacc, 2008) Corruption in Indian construction: In India found that more than 50% of the people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office. Transparency International estimates that in another industry it was found that their annually pay was US$5 billion in bribes.  For 2010, India was ranked 87th  of 178th  countries in Transparency Internationals  Corruption Perceptions Index, which was a huge setback from the preceding year (Jo Johnson, May, 2007) Type of corruptions within Indian construction: Political, Bureaucracy, Land and Property Tendering Process and awarding contracts Transport Income Tax Even police, judiciary and Religious Institution  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Preferential award of public resources For purpose of this study, this discussion will focus upon more pertinent issues in Indian construction industry are: Land and property: Officials often steal state property. In  Bihar, more than 80% of the subsidized food aid to poor is stolen. In cities and villages throughout India,  Mafia Raj  consisting of municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, judicial officers, real estate developers and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways. (Economic development, 2008) In India, since in most of the land settlement has not been undertaken since the departure of the British. Land records are in a pathetic state, and so are very easy to manipulate. In major cities like Delhi and Mumbai it is believed that typically 60% of the payment for high-end properties is made in cash under the table. (Corruption trips India’s rise, 2010) Tendering process and awarding contracts:   Government officials having discretionary powers in awarding contracts engage in preferential treatment for selected bidders, display negligence in quality control process. Many state-funded construction activities in India, such as road building, are dominated by construction mafias, which are groupings of corrupt public works officials, materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors.  Shoddy construction and material substitution (e.g. mixing sand in  cement  while submitting expenses for cement) result in roads and highways being dangerous, and sometimes simply washed away when Indias heavy  monsoon  season arrives (The Wall Street Journal, 2008)    Corruption in U.K construction: Corruption within the UK construction industry is an issue that is the subject of perception and rumour rather than of facts. Apart from periodic instances of exposure and action, it is a subject discussed as conjecture rather than knowledge. This survey has attempted to look at the issue from the point of view of those who work within the industry in order to gain a better perspective on the issues they face. (Ciob Survey,2006) It would seem from the results that while corruption is present to some degree in many areas of the construction industry, there is some disagreement of where networking and the development of harmonious working relationships stop, and corruption starts. It is clear that those who responded are aware of the issues, but there are clear indications of degrees of tolerance to some practices that some would regard as corrupt. The results also showed that the vast majority of respondents feel strongly that more should be done to address this issue. CORRUPTION IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: THE PROBLEM. â€Å"The impact of corruption goes far beyond the specific misbehaviour of the actors involved. It is repercussion sweep across the entire population. A one million euro bribe can rapidly amount to one hundred million euro loss in a poor country – through de-railed development plans and incoherent investment decisions. Unfinished roads, crumbling schools and crippled health systems are but a few serious examples which illustrate the impact of this phenomenon† (James Lewis, 2008) FORMS OF CORRUPTION Corruption in construction industry can take place in many forms, the common ones being bribery, exhortation, fraud and collusion as well as other persons, who were complicit in the offence, may be guilty of bribery. A bribe may be a cash payment, or it may be a non-cash advantage (such as the promise of a future contract, or a holiday). It can be institutional or personal. Institutional bribery refers to a situation where a bribe may be paid or received with the full approval of the organisation which is the employer of the individual paying or receiving the bribe. This may occur, for example, where a contracting company authorises its commercial director to pay a bribe to win a tender This may occur, for example, where a government officer receives a bribe to award a contract, where the government department in question would not approve the bribe. A contractor may pay a bribe to the project owner’s representative to have defective or non-existent work approved. (James Lewis, 2008) If the parties are in dispute in relation to the construction of the project, one party may bribe a witness, expert, arbitrator or judge in order to give false evidence, or to give a favourable opinion or verdict. Fraud usually involves one person (or group of persons) deceiving another person in order to gain some financial or other advantage. In the context of a construction project, fraud offences may include: concealment of defects dishonestly levying liquidated damages dishonestly withholding payment dishonestly exaggerating the quantum of a claim fabricating or falsifying evidence to support claims (James Lewis, 2008) Parties may be liable for the offence of fraud, For example, a contractor may be liable for fraud if it submits a claim for additional payment which it suspects is inflated but fails to take reasonable steps to determine that the claim is accurate. A bribe paid to win a project will normally be concealed by some fraudulent act with the aim that the project appears from the outside to have been won on a genuine arms-length basis. (James Lewis, 2008) However, many acts of fraud may need an act of bribery in order to complete the fraud. For example, a contractor may submit a false claim to a project owner (which is fraud) and May then bribe the certifier to approve the claim (which is bribery). Extortion is a form of blackmail where one party makes threats against another party of adverse consequences unless demands, usually for payment, are met by the other party. Such blackmail may constitute, for example, refusal to provide customs clearance for equipment or materials, or refusal to make payments or issue certificates that are due. Sometimes such threats may involve threats of physical harm. Collusion occurs where two or more parties co-operate to defraud or deceive another party. This is a type of fraud and is often described as a â€Å"cartel†, â€Å"anti-trust† or â€Å"anti-competitive† offence. This form of collusion is often referred to as â€Å"bid rigging In some cases, the corrupt practice may be a voluntary act undertaken by the relevant party with the deliberate intention of gaining a competitive advantage or obtaining additional unjustified compensation. (James Lewis, 2008) However, in other cases, the practice may be undertaken so as to â€Å"level the playing field†. For example, a contractor may feel compelled to offer a bribe during tendering if it believes that its competitors will be offering a bribe. A contractor may feel that it is necessary to inflate a claim artificially if it believes that the project owner will automatically and unjustifiably reduce the contractor’s claim or raise artificial counter-claims against the contractor. (James Lewis, 2008) In some circumstances, a bribe may be extorted from the payer. For example, a contractor may be informed that if it does not pay a bribe, it will not receive a payment to which it is entitled. Corruption in the public sector usually involves bribery or fraud being perpetrated against a government body Contract prices fraudulently inflated. Where a contract is corruptly awarded, it is often the case that the contract price is significantly inflated, not just to cover the cost of the bribe, but also to maximise profit for the contractor. Where the contractor is assured of success in winning the contract, it will have considerable freedom to demand a high contract price. Contracts awarded and claims approved in the hope of future or indirect gain. In developed countries, the corrupt awarding of contracts and corrupt approval of fraudulent claims may take a more insidious form. Large bribes may not necessarily change hands directly. (James Lewis, 2008) In simple terms, corruption in the public sector is stealing from the taxpayer. Money is stolen which could be spent on hospitals, schools, roads, and other vitally important infrastructure. This loss will be felt most severely in poorer countries. It will nevertheless also be felt in developed countries where large sums may be lost through more subtle forms of corruption. It may result in an increase in the financing, capital, operating and maintenance costs of projects. This in turn may result in increased property or utility prices, or increased charges that are required for use of certain facilities such as toll roads or bridges. It may also result in dangerously defective works. It is unlikely that there will be significant corruption in the private sector without such corruption spreading to the public sector. The risks of corruption in public contracting can be more easily understood in relation to each stage of a contracting process what to buy/sell/do and description of goods and services. These are the technical requirements. Contract award ending with a decision to select the winning bidder; and Contract implementation and supervision, It is generally believed that the risk of corruption is especially high during the evaluation phase of a contracting process, Underperformance, contract renegotiation; change orders, over-billing, and non compliance are just some of the forms of abuse.    Action Taken On corruption From this research is a lack of clear definition of corruption and corrupt practices, the results is apparent that the respondents felt that corruption certainly did exist in the UK and India but to what extent was not clear still. The client should knock them down. The client is knocking down the hours as they are aware that exaggeration is common therefore the situation becomes self-fulfilling and self-perpetuating. A similar situation appears to be occurring with inflated invoicing or claims for extra costs. On the flip side of this, clients may be finding spurious reasons to withhold payment from the contractor. Type of UK corruption in the provision and management of financing for the project: Bribes paid or fraud perpetrated by the funder’s representative for the benefit of the funder; Bribes paid or fraud perpetrated by the funder’s representative for his own personal benefit; Bribes paid or fraud perpetrated by the project owner’s representative for the benefit of the project owner; Bribes paid or fraud perpetrated by the project owner’s representative for his own personal benefit; Bribes extorted or fraud perpetrated by a government official for the benefit of the official.( TI-ACF.REPORT, 2006) Anti-corruption actions should deal with all types of construction corruption referred to in paragraph above, both by implementing appropriate anti-corruption systems within the funders organisation, and by that suitable anti-corruption controls are imposed at project level. Anti-corruption actions may be modified according to the extent of the commercial risk and the type of financing being provided by the funder. The provision of aid, or a material amount of equity or lending will inevitably give a funder greater control over the implementation of project anti-corruption mechanisms than, for example, the provision of insurance. low risk contracts or projects would require a lower level of preventive action than large or high risk contracts or projects. However, it should be remembered that while commercial risk may be reduced according to the size of the contract or project, the criminal risk will remain the same. PROCRUTMENT PROCESS India is rapidly ramping up its capital spending, the efficiency of which will be determined by the Government able to manage infrastructure spending effectively. Unfortunately civil works, worldwide have the tendency to create strong differences in opinion between even the best intentioned parties, which can quickly degenerate into acrimonious disputes and become difficult to resolve. The ability, therefore, to resolve contract disputes quickly and effectively is the difference between a project that is completed on time and a failed capital investment that is completed only after many years of delay. The DRB process is recognized globally as a best practice for dispute resolution as a cost-effective mechanism to help the parties head off problems before they escalate into major disputes resulting in arbitration or litigation22. Since 1994 DRBs have been required on all World Bank23-funded civil contracts above US$50 million and in 2004 the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) 24 jointly agreed to the publishing of harmonized procurement documents that included the requirement for DRBs. DRB recommendations often have little effect, since the vast majority is rejected. 79% of DRB recommendations are rejected – 44% are rejected by the Employer and 35% by the Contractor. (IRCI, 2008) The rejection of DRB recommendations has serious negative consequences for the efficiency of public spending. There is a clear difference in the time it takes to complete a project in cases where DRB recommendations are rejected, as compared to those where recommendations are accepted. Contract dispute resolution processes that happen after the rejection of a DRB recommendation are very lengthy and costly. Finally a high-level meeting with GOI is proposed to summarize the findings of the workshops and to provide recommendations for improving the effectiveness of DRBs in India. GDLN/NICNET could then be utilized to provide training for potential employers, contractors and DRB members to share the principles of DRBs; the contractual and legal implications; and how the members of DRBs are appointed with a concentration on the â€Å"how† of making DRBs work with actual examples of problems and obstacles that have to be overcome. (IRCI, 2008) The objective of these case studies is to identify other countries that have experienced rapid road development and to examine how they strengthened the capacity of their road construction industry to meet the demand of their roads program. The purpose of these case studies is to identify what measures were taken by other governments and industry, to improve the construction industry capacity. Since the 1990s China has enjoyed a rapid increase in the rate of road construction and has become one of the fastest countries to build its road network27. At the core has been the National Trunk Highway System (NTHS), designed to connect all the major cities and provincial capitals with populations greater than 500,000 through the construction of twelve major highways. This has now been expanded by the â€Å"7- 9-18 Highway Network† which is intended to link all cities with populations above 200,000 to those connected by the NTHS. According to the UN Economics and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific28, road construction investment in China has been steadily increasing from US$25 billion in 2001 to US$68 billion in 2005 (.(IRCI, 2008) Malaysia decided in 1977 to build a toll expressway from north to south of the peninsular to link all the main towns. To facilitate this construction the Malaysia Highway Authority was established in October 198029 with the objectives to (a) provide a fast, safe and efficient means of road transport for the entire country; (b) link all existing major townships and potential areas of development; (c) enable an effective interurban public road transportation to be provided throughout the country and (d) train personnel and further develop expertise on all facets of road construction, operation and maintenance. Most of the highways are toll operated. The highway program in Korea is governed by the National Transport Network Plan (NTNP), which has guided road development over the last 40 years from 313 km of major highways in 1960 to 2,778 km in 2003 (an almost 800% expansion) and from 27,169 km of general roads in 1960 to 94,473 km in 2003 (250% increase)31. According to the NTNP betwee n 2000 and 2019, 3,753 km of additional highways are to be built, increasing the length of highways by three times the length that existed in 1997, together with increasing fourlane highways from the 24% in 1997 to 50% in 201032. Korea has also developed a way for private investors to profit from 2,844 km of its toll roads by the development of the Korean Road Infrastructure Fund, which is traded on the Korean Stock Exchange (IRCI, 2008) China has seen remarkably fast changes in its transition from a command economy to a competitive market economy and in the strengthening of its construction industry. Only in 1983 did China classify the construction companies as a service industry. China has reformed its procurement process and now more than 90% of urban and industrial projects are awarded based on competitive or selective bidding (IRCI, 2008) Malaysia provides an example of a country developing its road program through the construction of toll roads. It learned lessons, which included the reality of restrictive public funds limiting its ability to expand the road network and leading to cancellation of projects. This prompted the opening up to the private industry with BOT arrangements (IRCI, 2008) Korea provides a good example of rapid expansion using the private industry and public/private partnerships (PPP). Most of the road network consists of PFI projects, which has demonstrated the strengths and weaknesses of BOT-type development. To understand the structure of the road construction industry it is useful to review the dramatic institutional changes that have occurred in China over the last 30 years. (IRCI, 2008) Prior to 1976 during the leadership of Mao Zedong business enterprises and communes, including construction organizations, were all directly controlled by central or provincial government. In many rural areas the agricultural communes actually replaced local government and provided the basic services, such as health care, education, welfare for the elderly and granted permission to couples to have their one child. This was the time of the â€Å"iron rice bowl†, when enterprise workers were guaranteed life-long employment and security despite enterprise redu ndant overstaffing and lack of finances to provide adequate services (IRCI, 2008). As a simple activity to assemble material for Construction was viewed; plant and other items made by the other sectors of the economy to create building or civil engineering works and were considered to have no significant added value to the total social product. Most of the central ministries formed their own construction companies to implement their own specific capital projects. Summary This report gives information about process and types of construction in Indian and in UK, and also construction plays main role for economic development in both countries, and it has some negative parts such as Corruption/ Transparency in both countries, and also this report is prepared by Transparency International (UK) and the Indian construction on commission for the UK and Indian Government Department for International Development (DFID). It has been endorsed by the UK Anti- Corruption Forum which is an alliance between UK business associations, professional institutions and organisations with interests in the domestic and international infrastructure, construction and engineering sectors. Research Methodology Primary data collection will be through semi structured telephone interviews of selected sample Exploratory research of Qualitative Data Procurement play very important role in Construction Industry whether it is small scale or big scale construction industry. In this chapter will discuss the rationale behind the choice of the data collection that was used in this research. As previously stated the main aim of the dissertation is to discover corrupt practices within the procurement process in the Indian Construction Industry. The research plans to comparison between the India and U.K construction industry and investigate any associated corruption within them. As we have found less information on this topic, we need to talk with some of the experience people of this field. In this telephones interview we have to discover as much as possible information about the topic. The sequence of the questioning is in order to built up the rapport with in the respondent and the explore As interviews are taken of the Engineers, Client and Contractors, and in that the result we got is India and UK construction process is very much similar and the business culture of different from the Indian in some ways such as high technology used in construction in UK, Employees and main is Currency due to that all the process changes, as the Currency of UK pound is high as compare to the INDIAN Rupees, It make lot of difference by standard of living, thinking and mostly on construction project by using Advance Machineries on site. As we all know the India is one of the developing countries and UK is developed, it make lot of change in everything, and the technique of construction used in the Indian construction is the followed from UK, as an example ISO code is used for construction all the safety and construction work is the same. Just different is in labours in India most of the construction project is completed by using Labours and less machinery, and in UK all the construction work is done by machineries, for an example in India till today in small project concrete is mixed by labour on site with site mixture. These days in India in big scale construction industry we found all the heavy machineries and less labour are used; all the process is the same like UK. The question which was asked to all of them was related to construction industry and all were in general. First question I asked them all was How do you think Indian and UK construction process compare? Most of them said they don’t know much about UK construction process but they just know few main key points as are: Both the countries follows the same construction process We follow the British rules of construction like ISO code and many more Mainly in the UK construction work done by high technique and accurate machineries and in the India small or big scale industry mainly work done by labours. As the labours are cheap and easy to get that’s why most of the Indian construction labour oriented work is done. Relation between client and contractors: As the both countries follows the same construction method. In both countries the relationship between the client and contractor is the same while the construction is in process, they have to maintain their relationship in good, as the interviewers said in some of the firm relation between the client don’t take place client hire the third party (consultancy) to look after the construction work as the client don’t have construction profession/ knowledge, consultancy look for the clients expectations and requirements and complete the requirement from the contractor. As the client hire the consultancy the time take for any decision is much longer than direct conversation, client goes with safe and quality work. Comparison between two countries in Procurement process: As the interviewer said they don’t have idea about UK construction process but they said they can tell about the Indian construction procurement process. As the both countries have lot of different in using materials for construction as the climate is not the same. In the Indian construction contractor mostly stock the material in bulk quantity, as they have space to store the material In the UK construction the material can easily available when they required. In the India material is stock due to unavailability of material in certain season. For example contractor stock river sand (fine aggregate) before rainy season starts, the chances of availability river sand is less and the material cost is very high in rainy season so they stock the some material before price goes high. Material like River sand, Bricks cement and course aggregate. As from new and some online documentary can be say that both countries have similar procurement process not all the some ways. In the Indian construction more space is available for storage of material on site as in UK doesn’t have space for storage as compare to Indian construction site. What are the Procurement problems caused by the client are you aware of? As this question are only about the Indian construction, the interviewers some main points: Client has issues with good quality materials should be used on the construction site. Client also has problems in material used as per design the material is used more or less. Re estimating the project due to fluctuation of the materials rate in market. Client mainly have problem with contractor as the client look for his profit and use material which is not tested or not quality material Contractor makes profit and using fewer materials. Procurement problem in Sub contractors and Labours: Sub contractor and labours are the part of procurement process. Problem for clients are: Labours which are used for work on site are not skilled Client won’t interfere in the work but he found any mistake done by the worker he interfere that time, In big scale construction industry client don’t interfere with sub contractor, as they have appointed the consultant party for the work, Procurement problems in Material Issues to client: Client have issues in material by not using proper/ quality material while construction, Client have problem with not proper planning of the material availability Less use of the material like cement in concrete while construction Material which has taken on site should be checked and tested properly and should be recorded on the record book. Contractor can accept the low quality material for their own profit In your opinion does corruption occurs in the construction industry? Most of the interviewer said Yes corruption does take place in construction industry, but not as previous days, the percentage of corruption in the Indian construction industry is very less or negligible, that also in small scale construction industries. In big scale industry they keep all the records of materials, like by Quality or Quantity all materials are mention and recorded on the material recorded book. These days on every construction industry you will get record book of material which are used and how much is left, so there’s no chance to get corruption. Corruption in Tendering Process Some of the interviewer said NO corruption don’t appear in tendering process, these days before submitting the tender all the contractor has to submitte their previous record and all the work record, the client check all the details of the contractor and then he goes for the better work experience or the good work records. Few interviewers said Yes corruption does happen in tendering process, as the tendering is the main step of the construction, corruption in tendering means are managing tender between the client and contractor, these can be seen in private construction sector, but these days mostly tendering are submitted online which can bidding so that everyone can see the tendering process and who got the tender. Corruption happen in tendering is by contractor changing the material rates as the rates are fluctuated rise by 6% to 7%, so contractor can demand for revaluation for rates as per market in this way corruption happens in tendering process. Material Procurement process: In construction industry no chance of corruption as all the material have the records and check list with the certificates so no chance of corruption, as all the time client engineer is with contractor’s engineer to check all the material and its quantity and quality. Corruption occurs when accepting bad quality material on site. Sub contractor and labour: As the sub contractor and labour don’t have many issues in the process, as the working rates are fixed for them, problem is sub contractor use the unskilled labour and takes payment of skilled labour from the contractor. As the sub contractor has given the work on measurement. As the interviewer saying they don’t find much problem of corruption in subcontractor and labours. Conclusion Construction process of UK and the India is same as both countries follow the same construction process. Just have difference in procurement process in both the countries. Corruption in the Indian construction industry is reduced as using new technology in construction, and some where the corruption happen but that also negligible. India’s big scale industry and UK construction is the same. In the India, labours are easily available and cheap to hire them for work as compare to UK. Client and contractor relationship don’t have much difference, certain things are better in UK construction like speed work, quality work, new technologies are used. Indian construction industry is poised to grow exponentially because of massive infrastructure building programs. This has created excellent opportunities for the construction industry in terms of business opportunity. The Indian economic environment and system and procedures would further boost the construction industry which would provide the basic physical infrastructure for the nation as well as other industries. (CIDC, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦) Recommendation of Further Research â€Å"The construction industry is dynamic in nature. The concept of project success has remained ambiguously defined in the construction industry. Project success is almost the ultimate goal for every project†. (Albert P.C. Chan, Ada P.L. Chan, (2004)). 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